UNIT I: Diversity in Living World (MCQ)
• What
is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domains of life;
Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy;
Binomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy – Museums, Zoos, Herbaria,
Botanical gardens.
•Five
kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista
and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.
•Salient
features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (three to five salient and
distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); Angiosperms-
classification up to class, characteristic features and examples).
•Salient
features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and
chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two
examples).
UNIT II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
•Morphology
and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of
flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and recemose, flower,
fruit and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical
Syllabus).
•Animal
tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive,
circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach).
(Brief account only)
UNIT III: Cell
Structure and Function
•Cell
theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell
wall; Cell organelles-structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes,
plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure
and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.
• Chemical
constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins,
carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action.
• B
Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.
UNIT IV: Plant Physiology
• Transport
in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell
transport-Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant – water
relations – Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance
transport of water – Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root
pressure and guttation; Transpiration-Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake
and translocation of mineral nutrients-Transport of food, phloem transport,
Mass flow hypothesis; Diffusion of gases (brief mention).
• Mineral
nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role;
Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a
method to study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle,
biological nitrogen fixation.
•Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis take
place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemical and
biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation;
Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting
photosynthesis.
•Respiration:
Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA
cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations-Number of ATP
molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.
• Plant
growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth
rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and
redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators-auxin,gibberellin,
cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism
UNIT V: Human Physiology
•Digestion
and absorption; Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive
enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and
assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Caloric value of proteins, carbohydrates
and fats; Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders – PEM, indigestion,
constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.
• Breathing
and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory
system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange
of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes;
Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory
disorders.
•Body
fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of
blood; Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory
system-Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac
output, ECG, Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of
circulatory system-Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris,
Heart failure.
•Excretory
products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism,
uricotelism; Human excretory system-structure and fuction; Urine formation,
Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial
Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in
excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis;
Dialysis and artificial kidney.
• Locomotion
and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, fiagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle-
contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions
(To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints;
Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular
dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.
• Neural
control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans- central
nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system;
Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sense organs;
Elementary structure and function of eye and ear.
• Chemical
coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine
system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal,
Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of
hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related
disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic
goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease).
(Imp: Diseases and
disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)
CLASS XII BIOLOGY SYLLABUS
UNIT I: Reproduction
• Reproduction
in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation
of species; Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction;
Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative
propagation in plants.
• Sexual
reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and
female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding
devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization
events-Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation
of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of
seed and fruit formation.
•Human
Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of
testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual
cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation;
Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary
idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).
•Reproductive
health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases
(STD); Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of
Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies
– IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).
UNIT II: Genetics and Evolution
•Heredity
and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism-Incomplete dominance,
Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy;
Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance;
Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage
and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness;
Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s
syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
• Molecular
basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material;
Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma;
Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation-Lac
Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing.
• Evolution:
Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution
from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence);
Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of
evolution Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with
examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift;
Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.
UNIT III: Biology and Human Welfare
• Health
and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis,
Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic
concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and
alcohol abuse.
• Improvement
in food production; Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein,
Biofortification; Apiculture and Animal husbandry.
• Microbes
in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage
treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.
UNIT IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications
•Principles
and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).
• Application
of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine
production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic
Animals; Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.
UNIT V: Ecology and environment
•Organisms
and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations;
Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism;
Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
•Ecosystem:
Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of
number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological
succession; Ecological Services-Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release.
•Biodiversity
and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity;
Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation;
Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves,
National parks and sanctuaries.
• Environmental
issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control;
Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste
management; Greenhouse effect and global warning; Ozone depletion;
Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing
environmental issues.